The Virgin was regarded as the Mother of all Christians as Eve had been the first mother of mankind. Eve, by eating the Forbidden Fruit, was seen as chief instrument of the Fall.
Saint Jerome wrote "Death came through Eve, but life has come through Mary", and, in Paradiso, Dante meets St Bernard who explains "The wound which Mary closed and anointed, that one who is so beautiful at her feet is she who opened and pierced it."
These beliefs generated a new iconography whose purpose was to juxtapose the two women in order to emphasise their roles in the Fall and in Salvation.
The Madonna is often portrayed as Virgo Lactans to stress her physical connection with the body and blood of Christ. This connection was based on contemporary physiological theories of childbirth and nursing practices.
References:
- Anne Dunlop: Flesh and the Feminine: Early Renaissance Images of the Madonna with Eve at her feet
Oxford Art Journal Volume 25 no 2 2002
- Beth Williamson: The Cloisters Double Intercession
Apollo November 2000
Ambrogio Lorenzetti
1338-1340
Maesta
Montesiepi Chapel, San Galgano
In a detail from the
Maesta fresco, Eve reclines on the lowest step of the Virgin's throne.
The reclining figure may be based on Lorenzetti's figure of
Pax in the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena.
Lippo Vanni
1358
Triptych of the Madonna and Child with St. Dominic, St. Aurea and Eve
SS. Domenico e Sisto, Rome
A blond and nearly naked Eve, seated at Mary's feet, looks up at the Virgin while gesturing to a female-headed serpent at her side.
Four scenes in the wings of the triptych depict scenes from the life of Saint Aurea.
Signed LIPPUS VANNIS DE/SENIS ME PINXIT SUB A.D. MCCCLVIII.
Paolo di Giovanni Fei
c. 1380
Madonna and Child Enthroned
Metropolitan Museum, New York
Eve, accompanied by the serpent and the Tree of Knowledge, reclines at the base of the Virgin's throne.
Paolo di Giovanni Fei (workshop)
c. 1380
The Tree of Life
Niedersachsisches Landesmuseum, Hannover
To emphasise the connection between Mary and Eve, Eve was sometimes depicted at the foot of the Tree of Life. Here, the haloes for Adam and Eve are identical to those of Christ and the Virgin.
Master of the Dormitio di Terni
c. 1390
Virgin and Child enthroned with saints, angels and Eve
San Gregorio Maggiore, Spoleto
Huge (209 x 206 cm) fresco, in ruinous condition.
Carlo da Camerino
c. 1400
The Madonna of Humility and the Temptation of Eve
Cleveland Museum of Art
The Virgin Mary is depicted as the Madonna of Humility. Kneeling around her are St. George and the archangels Gabriel and Michael. Christ's disciples appear in her halo
In contrast to the Virgin's purity, Eve reclines in the lower part of the painting. Urged on by the serpent, she raises the forbidden fruit to her mouth while gazing upwards.
The deep scratches on the surface of the panel,especially on the serpent's face and Eve's wrist, resulted from a fanatical Christian's attack on the painting.
Master of the Strauss Madonna
c. 1410
Virgin and Child enthroned with Angels and Saints
Astley Cheetham Art Gallery, Stalybridge, Tameside, UK
On the left, SS. James the Great and John the Baptist. On the right, SS. Julian the Hospitaller and Dorothy. At the Virgin's feet lies Eve, draped in a transparent shawl and holding a miniature Tree of Knowledge.
Donatello and Paolo di Stefano
1435-40
Virgin and Child
Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Angels flank the Virgin and Child in a shallow niche while Eve reclines in the foreground. Beneath, a prophet holds a scroll. God the Father blesses from above.
The work is made of painted stucco in a contemporary wood frame. The stucco relief is cast from a
bronze plaquette designed by Donatello in the mid-1430's. The paintings of the frame of the stucco relief are by Paolo di Stefano.